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National Insurance contributions and your State Pension

The amount of basic State Pension (and certain bereavement benefits) you're entitled to is based on your National Insurance contributions record over your working life from age 16 until State Pension age. This record is made up from National Insurance contributions paid and/or credited to you in each tax year. A minimum amount of contributions and/or credits is required to make each year count as a 'qualifying year' towards your overall contributions record.

• State Pension (pensions and retirement planning section)

How gaps in your National Insurance contributions record might occur

There could be gaps in your National Insurance contributions record for various reasons. For example, you may have been:

• employed and had low earnings - below the 'lower earnings limit' of £107 a week (2012-13 tax year rates)
• unemployed and not claiming benefit
• self-employed and you didn't have to pay Class 2 National Insurance contributions because you applied for and were issued with a CA6812 Small Earnings Exception certificate - follow the link below
• living abroad

• Class 2 National Insurance contributions Opens new window

How many qualifying years do you need to get the full basic State Pension?

This depends on when you reach State Pension age. If this is on or after 6 April 2023 you'll need fewer qualifying years than previously. Also, the number of qualifying years needed for a full basic State Pension for men and women is the same, whereas previously they were different. See the table below.

If you reach State Pension age on or after 6 April 2023 you may be able to get National Insurance credits for parents and carers for times when you don't work or your earnings are too low to count towards a qualifying year because you have caring responsibilities.

If you reached State Pension age before 6 April 2023 the number of qualifying years you need for a full basic State Pension can be reduced if you were entitled to Home Responsibilities Protection.

• Pension credits for parents and carers (pensions and retirement planning section)

• Home Responsibilities Protection

Qualifying years needed for entitlement to the full basic State Pension

• State Pension age calculator Opens new window

Effect on your basic State Pension if you don't have the full number of qualifying years

If you don't have the full number of qualifying years at State Pension age the amount you'll receive will depend on the date you reached State Pension age and the number of qualifying years you've built up.

You can get an idea of how many years you have to date and how much State Pension you may have built up by following the link below.

• State Pension profiler

Effect on your basic State Pension if you don't have the full number of qualifying years and you reach State Pension age on or after 6 April 2023

From 6 April 2023 the number of qualifying years needed are the same for men and women.

You'll get 1/30th of the full basic State Pension for each qualifying year you have. In practice this means that any number of qualifying years will give you entitlement to at least some basic State Pension.

So if, for example, you had ten qualifying years you would be entitled to 10/30th of the full basic State Pension.

Effect on your basic State Pension if you don't have the full number of qualifying years and you reached State Pension age before 6 April 2023

How do you know if you have a gap in your National Insurance contributions record?

There are a number of ways you can find out:

'Gap in your National Insurance record' letter

You might receive a letter from HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) telling you there is a gap in your record. These letters are generally sent out between September and January each year. The letter isn't a bill - but it will tell you how much you can pay if you want to fill the gaps and how you can pay if you opt to do so.

• 'Gap in your National Insurance record' letter

You can check whether you're likely to have a gap in your National Insurance contributions record by requesting information about your State Pension forecast from The Future Pension Centre at The Pension Service.

• Find out more about your State Pension forecast online (pensions and retirement planning section)

Statement of your National Insurance account

You can also ask HMRC for a statement of your National Insurance account. It will tell you how much, if anything, your shortfall is, whether you are able to make up that shortfall, and how you can pay if you wish to do so.

• Checking your National Insurance contributions record Opens new window

If you live or have lived abroad

If you've lived abroad you can ask the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) - The Pension Service to check your record for any shortfall, they can also provide you with information about your State Pension forecast - follow the link below.

• Getting a State Pension forecast online or by phone

Deciding whether to make up a National Insurance contributions shortfall

It's up to you whether you make up any shortfall. However, remember that because the number of qualifying years you need for a full basic State Pension has reduced to 30 for people reaching State Pension age on or after 6 April 2010, you'll need to consider carefully whether you need to top up at all. At the same time, you'll need to bear in mind the effect on certain bereavement benefits of not topping up - see the next section on this for more information.

HMRC recommends that you find out about your State Pension forecast to help you decide - find out how to do this in the section above.

If you're unsure, the Citizens Advice Bureau or a number of other free organisations may be able to help you - or you could consult a financial adviser (but bear in mind they might charge you).

• Find a Citizens Advice Bureau or get online advice Opens new window

Bereavement benefits and qualifying years

If you reach State Pension age on or after 6 April 2023 eligibility for bereavement benefits (payable, if someone dies, to their spouse or civil partner if under State Pension age, and based on the deceased's National Insurance contributions) is different to the eligibility for basic State Pension. For bereavement benefits, it remains at up to 39 qualifying years for a woman and up to 44 for a man. You may want to take this into account when deciding whether or not to top up your National Insurance contributions.

• Bereavement benefits

Deadlines for making up a National Insurance contributions shortfall

You usually have to make up the shortfall within six years of the end of the tax year for which the National Insurance contributions are being paid. However there are extended time limits for some tax years and special rules if you reach State Pension age between 6 April 2023 and 5 April 2015.

For more information on deadlines for paying voluntary National Insurance contributions read our guide 'When and how to pay voluntary National Insurance contributions' by following the link below.

• When and how to top up your National Insurance contributions

More useful links

• Check current National Insurance contributions rates on the HMRC website Opens new window

• Qualifying for a basic State Pension

• State Pension

• Making sure you've stopped paying National Insurance

• Claiming back overpaid National Insurance contributions